I have spent a good chunk of time the last couple days visiting The Artist in the hospital. Things are pretty rough for her right now and she needs extra moral support in a big way. On the way home her husband The Steward and I were talking about who we end up leaning on when things in our life go badly. There are some people in everyone's life who make things fun and who are entertaining to be around but when the shit hits the fan they fade away quietly. Then there are others who step up and shoulder some of the burden. The Steward thought that being polyamorous was a real help in that situation because there are likely to be more people with a lot invested in the person who is struggling. His theory is that lovers are more likely than friends to show up and help when the worst happens.
I am not convinced. In this particular case I think it holds because my relationship with The Artist only exists due to both of us being poly - I doubt I would have met her otherwise, much less be as close to her as I am. In general though I think polyamory actually makes it easier for some people to ditch with a moment's notice when things go badly. There is definitely a plausible deniability element to this because cutting off friendships just when a friend needs help is an obviously crappy thing to do but ending a romantic relationship abruptly is far more defensible. You can't be too hard on someone who wants out of a relationship and needs space afterwards and unfortunately that offers a shield to the fair weather lovers.
When things go badly the main thing that poly relationships do is make things more extreme. The people who will rush in to help will help more because the are more emotionally invested. Those who would run away anyhow will run faster and further. That doesn't necessarily mean that the reliable folks are better people to be friends with in the good times but living a polyamorous lifestyle will make it crystal clear who you can really rely on when disaster strikes. I don't really feel like that is particularly an advantage or disadvantage but it is definitely different.
A lot of people talk about polyamory in general as if it is a high risk, high reward prospect. That is, a new lover and the accompanying wonderful feelings and exciting sex are pretty great but everyone worries that there in an inevitable reckoning where jealousy, bitterness, and resentment will come home to roost. I can almost hear the whispered admonitions "Yes, sure, sexing up somebody new sounds great and all, but what about the *consequences*?"
For some people it may be that way but it sure isn't for me. In my life polyamory shrinks that all or nothing feeling rather than amplifying it. If I go through a breakup that makes me sad I can still get my snuggles with someone I love. When I need extra energy or attention from someone there is likely someone who can give it and when I have energy to spare likely somebody needs it. In most of my life having multiple romantic partners smooths things out and moderates the extreme peaks and valleys.
In any case when life delivers a sucker punch it pays to know who will say "I wish I could help" and who will say "I will be there in 15 minutes". Regardless of whether they are family, friends, or lovers those in the second group are the ones that keep the world from falling to pieces.
Wednesday, December 17, 2014
Monday, December 15, 2014
Not like this at all
I am not interested in random feel good fodder that gets linked on Facebook. Most of the time those posts are just not very interesting but sometimes things like this crop up and it just makes me feel a nauseating combination of rage and sadness that this is meant to be heartwarming.
I find it hard to imagine how somebody would think that stalking children is not only necessary but even laudable. Flipping out on your children, driving them insane, and being their worst nightmare is more of the same. Whoever wrote this seems to subscribe to the school of thought that loving someone intensely justifies all kinds of abuse in general and worse than that they think that it is a necessary component of love. It isn't okay as a lover, friend, or relative so why would it be okay as a parent?
It doesn't stop at the glorification of abuse though. Anger, control issues, lack of respect for autonomy and privacy, and fear tactics are something that you must subscribe to in order to be an adult, apparently. That is, until a child admits that they *wanted* the abuse, that the abuse was *required*, they are not to be considered a responsible adult. Desperately trying to force someone being abused to claim the abuse was justified is sick.
The statement that no one else will ever love you the way this parent does is troubling in a similar way. Again it is textbook abusive behaviour to try to convince someone else that the abusive relationship is the best they can ever expect, to try to make them believe it can never be replaced. Parents have a tremendously powerful bond with their children but the assertion that their relationship will always be supreme sounds like desperate manipulation, not love.
Parents do have to do difficult things, and they have to say no. Over the years there will be conflict, frustration, anger, and regret over mistakes made. I have plenty of my own mistakes, no question. But they are mistakes! Flipping out on your child is something you should try to avoid, not celebrate. Stalking is not fucking okay. The knowledge that your parents want to 'hunt you down' does not make children's lives better. My child has definitely screamed "I hate you" on more than one occasion and almost certainly will do so again. This is not a vindication of my parenting technique but rather a sad but inevitable side effect of raising children.
You have to be hard sometimes as a parent. You need to say NO and you need to try to keep your children from coming to harm. That can be difficult, and acknowledging that even the best of us have done things we regret is valuable. However, it is absolutely critical that you teach your children what a healthy, happy, loving relationship looks like and you do not do that by running through a checklist of abusive behaviours and calling it a necessary component of love.
I find it hard to imagine how somebody would think that stalking children is not only necessary but even laudable. Flipping out on your children, driving them insane, and being their worst nightmare is more of the same. Whoever wrote this seems to subscribe to the school of thought that loving someone intensely justifies all kinds of abuse in general and worse than that they think that it is a necessary component of love. It isn't okay as a lover, friend, or relative so why would it be okay as a parent?
It doesn't stop at the glorification of abuse though. Anger, control issues, lack of respect for autonomy and privacy, and fear tactics are something that you must subscribe to in order to be an adult, apparently. That is, until a child admits that they *wanted* the abuse, that the abuse was *required*, they are not to be considered a responsible adult. Desperately trying to force someone being abused to claim the abuse was justified is sick.
The statement that no one else will ever love you the way this parent does is troubling in a similar way. Again it is textbook abusive behaviour to try to convince someone else that the abusive relationship is the best they can ever expect, to try to make them believe it can never be replaced. Parents have a tremendously powerful bond with their children but the assertion that their relationship will always be supreme sounds like desperate manipulation, not love.
Parents do have to do difficult things, and they have to say no. Over the years there will be conflict, frustration, anger, and regret over mistakes made. I have plenty of my own mistakes, no question. But they are mistakes! Flipping out on your child is something you should try to avoid, not celebrate. Stalking is not fucking okay. The knowledge that your parents want to 'hunt you down' does not make children's lives better. My child has definitely screamed "I hate you" on more than one occasion and almost certainly will do so again. This is not a vindication of my parenting technique but rather a sad but inevitable side effect of raising children.
You have to be hard sometimes as a parent. You need to say NO and you need to try to keep your children from coming to harm. That can be difficult, and acknowledging that even the best of us have done things we regret is valuable. However, it is absolutely critical that you teach your children what a healthy, happy, loving relationship looks like and you do not do that by running through a checklist of abusive behaviours and calling it a necessary component of love.
Saturday, December 13, 2014
A Cataclysm of Data
I just finished reading Dataclysm by Christian Rudder. He is one of the founders of the OKCupid dating site and the author of OKTrends, a blog about interesting facts he finds in the data OKCupid gathers from its users. Being an enthusiastic user of the site and having really enjoyed the blog posts I was very interested to see what he would say when he had a whole book to say it in. I was not disappointed, but I wasn't really surprised either.
The book is a good examination of the ways in which people talk about attraction and the ways in which they act - in particular it is interesting when these are not the same. For example, most people agree that they would not date someone who was overtly biased against a particular race. However, when we see who people actually send messages to and who they respond to the evidence is clear that people have very strong racial biases. In particular asian men and all black people have a really tough time of it. It isn't just a few brutally racist people either, but rather a consistent bias across the vast majority of people. It is noteworthy that racial bias is several times larger in the US than in Canada and many other countries. I wasn't quite sure what to conclude from that but it didn't exactly surprise me.
Rudder also talks a lot about the ways in which women and men behave very differently. For example, women at age 20 tend to find 23 year old men most attractive and the ages trend upward together. At the high end of the data 50 year old women find 45 year old men most attractive. Men on the other hand find 20 year old women most attractive no matter what age the men are. This drives message volumes in a big way - younger women get gazillions of messages whereas older women need to send messages if they want a good chance to connect with people.
The thing I liked most about the book is that Rudder acknowledges his biases and the ways in which his data is limited. He makes it very clear that he understands that his source consists almost exclusively of single people and that he doesn't have enough data to make good observations for people above age 50. Even though OKCupid is the destination of choice for polyamorous folks we are still a pretty small chunk of the population there - probably even smaller in numbers than the ostensibly monogamous cheaters who maintain their profiles without pictures.
Rudder also doesn't place himself above the users whose profiles he discusses. When talking about racial biases he makes it clear that he thinks preferences in attraction in an individual aren't really something we can criticize but that there are clear problems when certain groups consistently run into bias against them. He makes it clear that he thinks racism is unacceptable but that he almost certainly has unconscious biases he is not aware nor proud of just like most other people do.
I tend to place far more stock in someone who presents conclusions when those conclusions come with a huge helping of "We certainly cannot generalize to everyone" and "The data is very limited in this respect" because it shows that the writer knows their limitations. Rudder does a good job this way and he treats his data as useful, which it is, but very carefully outlines the limits of what one can conclude from it.
The thing I wish Rudder would have included in the book is the statistics about gay relationships. He does talk about that lack though and says that it would have bulked up the book tremendously but wouldn't have added much since the trends across genders were actually pretty much the same. Fair enough, at least he considered it and rejected it for a decent reason.
Speaking of gender OKCupid is soon going to roll out more gender options than M and F and that is a good thing. Most users won't really notice a difference but it will be a big positive change for people who want to identify as nonbinary or trans but will also let people like me become cis men instead of just men and I like that. All of Rudder's data is strictly divided into men and women in the book because until now those were the only choices and I will be happy to read the next version that hopefully has data for other gender identities so we can take a peek into the Big Data there. Of course it is possible that such a data set is small enough that strong conclusions will not be possible to draw from it; honestly I don't know.
At any rate I think this is a book worth reading. It has lots of interesting data to look through, is well written, and doesn't try to overreach with conclusions it can't really justify. I approve.
The book is a good examination of the ways in which people talk about attraction and the ways in which they act - in particular it is interesting when these are not the same. For example, most people agree that they would not date someone who was overtly biased against a particular race. However, when we see who people actually send messages to and who they respond to the evidence is clear that people have very strong racial biases. In particular asian men and all black people have a really tough time of it. It isn't just a few brutally racist people either, but rather a consistent bias across the vast majority of people. It is noteworthy that racial bias is several times larger in the US than in Canada and many other countries. I wasn't quite sure what to conclude from that but it didn't exactly surprise me.
Rudder also talks a lot about the ways in which women and men behave very differently. For example, women at age 20 tend to find 23 year old men most attractive and the ages trend upward together. At the high end of the data 50 year old women find 45 year old men most attractive. Men on the other hand find 20 year old women most attractive no matter what age the men are. This drives message volumes in a big way - younger women get gazillions of messages whereas older women need to send messages if they want a good chance to connect with people.
The thing I liked most about the book is that Rudder acknowledges his biases and the ways in which his data is limited. He makes it very clear that he understands that his source consists almost exclusively of single people and that he doesn't have enough data to make good observations for people above age 50. Even though OKCupid is the destination of choice for polyamorous folks we are still a pretty small chunk of the population there - probably even smaller in numbers than the ostensibly monogamous cheaters who maintain their profiles without pictures.
Rudder also doesn't place himself above the users whose profiles he discusses. When talking about racial biases he makes it clear that he thinks preferences in attraction in an individual aren't really something we can criticize but that there are clear problems when certain groups consistently run into bias against them. He makes it clear that he thinks racism is unacceptable but that he almost certainly has unconscious biases he is not aware nor proud of just like most other people do.
I tend to place far more stock in someone who presents conclusions when those conclusions come with a huge helping of "We certainly cannot generalize to everyone" and "The data is very limited in this respect" because it shows that the writer knows their limitations. Rudder does a good job this way and he treats his data as useful, which it is, but very carefully outlines the limits of what one can conclude from it.
The thing I wish Rudder would have included in the book is the statistics about gay relationships. He does talk about that lack though and says that it would have bulked up the book tremendously but wouldn't have added much since the trends across genders were actually pretty much the same. Fair enough, at least he considered it and rejected it for a decent reason.
Speaking of gender OKCupid is soon going to roll out more gender options than M and F and that is a good thing. Most users won't really notice a difference but it will be a big positive change for people who want to identify as nonbinary or trans but will also let people like me become cis men instead of just men and I like that. All of Rudder's data is strictly divided into men and women in the book because until now those were the only choices and I will be happy to read the next version that hopefully has data for other gender identities so we can take a peek into the Big Data there. Of course it is possible that such a data set is small enough that strong conclusions will not be possible to draw from it; honestly I don't know.
At any rate I think this is a book worth reading. It has lots of interesting data to look through, is well written, and doesn't try to overreach with conclusions it can't really justify. I approve.
Wednesday, December 10, 2014
An object of concern
Recently Elli's school announced that the Extended French program is ending. They will no longer be devoting extra resources and space to the program and it will be moved to another school. The reasoning behind this is that our school is beyond capacity and hopefully the added flexibility combined with some students leaving to follow the french program will help us get class sizes down. It all makes sense to me.
But some people are very angry. You see, they are very concerned that French classes stay because then the high achievers can get even more out of their time in school while the rest of the students cram themselves into ever less space. These parents, so worried about the loss of extra French training (which they could go get by busing their kids to another school if they are truly desperate) are going to converge on a special meeting tonight to try to demand that the school board reverse their decision.
I am driven to the very edge of bonkers and beyond. It wouldn't rankle so much if parent council weren't so chronically short of volunteers for events but knowing that parents are happy to devote time and energy to fighting a good change that is already set in stone but won't show up to help when we are doing things that really need doing sets me off. Opportunities to help everyone, or even to help those who need it most, are left in the dust while people swarm to complain that those who have it the best already need more stuff.
The school is overfull. New condo buildings are going up and this situation is not getting better any time soon. Changes to try to alleviate this must be made. It would be wonderful if every child could have a battery of teachers surrounding them at all times but we must make do with what we have. Suddenly being up in arms about a change that has been a year in the making and which needs to happen won't help the children. I do know of some things that would help the children though, if people have free time they want to spend on improving the school.
It strikes me as unlikely that this renewed interest in public education will actually result in anything other than timewasting. Frown.
But some people are very angry. You see, they are very concerned that French classes stay because then the high achievers can get even more out of their time in school while the rest of the students cram themselves into ever less space. These parents, so worried about the loss of extra French training (which they could go get by busing their kids to another school if they are truly desperate) are going to converge on a special meeting tonight to try to demand that the school board reverse their decision.
I am driven to the very edge of bonkers and beyond. It wouldn't rankle so much if parent council weren't so chronically short of volunteers for events but knowing that parents are happy to devote time and energy to fighting a good change that is already set in stone but won't show up to help when we are doing things that really need doing sets me off. Opportunities to help everyone, or even to help those who need it most, are left in the dust while people swarm to complain that those who have it the best already need more stuff.
The school is overfull. New condo buildings are going up and this situation is not getting better any time soon. Changes to try to alleviate this must be made. It would be wonderful if every child could have a battery of teachers surrounding them at all times but we must make do with what we have. Suddenly being up in arms about a change that has been a year in the making and which needs to happen won't help the children. I do know of some things that would help the children though, if people have free time they want to spend on improving the school.
It strikes me as unlikely that this renewed interest in public education will actually result in anything other than timewasting. Frown.
Monday, December 8, 2014
You were wrong
The US is preparing for a violent backlash against their embassies and military posts around the world. Shortly they will release information about some of the awful crimes the US government committed in the wake of 9-11 including admissions of some truly awful torture. Apparently it will include stories of continuing torture on detainees even after the torturers became sure there was no more information to be gotten. Torture is wrong as well as being consistently useless. Even worse than useless really as it enrages the world and turns them against you as little else will. Torture without even the pretense of security theatre goes far beyond wrong right into the land of cartoonish evil, the kind that requires a mustachioed villain with a plan to blow up the moon with a gigantic laser.
Reporting on this issue has made me so disappointed. While I don't expect US networks to apologize for the crimes of the government (though I wouldn't turn it down) I would certainly expect them to admit that the things they did were wrong. Instead all I see is a sea of people expressing their concern for US citizens and soldiers abroad, almost as though the backlash were unexpected and America is just an innocent bystander. They try to portray the information coming out as neutral, just a description of facts, a historical document, while the violent response that we all expect is regrettable and wrong.
The anger that these revelations creates and the violence that seems likely to ensue is regrettable and wrong. What it isn't is surprising. Revenge is not the right course but it isn't as though it is a shocking and new development in human psychology. If all of the talking heads on television want to help America and save American lives the tactic of absolving the government of responsibility is the worst way to go about it. Report it as you would if it happened *to* Americans instead of being perpetrated by them. Say it is wrong. Express regret about the incident, not the fact that people are furious about it.
But that won't happen, in the mainstream at least. Nationalism guarantees that anyone who criticizes the government is widely viewed as against the state, rather than simply against the violence the state perpetrates against individuals. To wind down the cycle of revenge we need people willing to stand up and state that the acts of the government were wrong and we need public sentiment to support that. Saying that torture is unquestionably wrong does not make you anti US. It makes you pro joy, pro human flourishing, pro peace. We should all be willing to be on that side openly, loudly, and proudly.
Friday, December 5, 2014
Rage, not despair
It is hard to avoid the coverage of the protests in New York surrounding the Eric Garner murder case. A police officer choking someone to death while arresting them for a non violent crime is a tragedy in any case but the fact that the victim was black and that the officer will not be charged reinforces a terrible trend. Last night I was hanging out with The Artist and The Steward talking about this and there was a real tone of despair there, a sense that everything is wrong and getting worse.
There is no need for despair. It was not so long ago that the idea of a black man as president was ludicrous. It was within living memory that black people were officially segregated on buses, in schools, and throughout their lives. Lynch mobs murdering black people with practically no official pushback were happening only fifty years ago. Things have gotten better. There is every reason to think that will continue, not least because a bunch of white people in Toronto know about these incidents individually and are really upset by them. People know more, they care more, and change is happening. Too slowly for my tastes, but it is happening.
We need to push these changes to happen more quickly and to achieve that we need to focus our rage into action rather than fall into despair. Changes for the better do not happen on their own; they are forced through by brave people willing to scream and shout and make a scene. Pursuing goals of widespread societal change requires passion and that passion can be found in anger, in fury. Anger uncontrolled can be a dangerous thing but there is much that can be done with the energy we can harness from it.
We know that the world can be improved, that it has been made better, that change is possible. We know that injustice is on the wane and that we are trending towards a brighter future. But we will not reach that bright future with despair, with giving in, with deciding that the problem is just too big. There is no denying that there is a mountain of injustice in the world but it is shrinking every day, slowly giving way to billions of tiny blows. It may seem beyond any one person's strength to affect but we can clearly see the billions of tiny chips that have been removed from it have shrunk it mightily. We can and we will grind that mountain to dust and we will do so by getting people angry enough to take one chip off at a time.
There is no need for despair. It was not so long ago that the idea of a black man as president was ludicrous. It was within living memory that black people were officially segregated on buses, in schools, and throughout their lives. Lynch mobs murdering black people with practically no official pushback were happening only fifty years ago. Things have gotten better. There is every reason to think that will continue, not least because a bunch of white people in Toronto know about these incidents individually and are really upset by them. People know more, they care more, and change is happening. Too slowly for my tastes, but it is happening.
We need to push these changes to happen more quickly and to achieve that we need to focus our rage into action rather than fall into despair. Changes for the better do not happen on their own; they are forced through by brave people willing to scream and shout and make a scene. Pursuing goals of widespread societal change requires passion and that passion can be found in anger, in fury. Anger uncontrolled can be a dangerous thing but there is much that can be done with the energy we can harness from it.
We know that the world can be improved, that it has been made better, that change is possible. We know that injustice is on the wane and that we are trending towards a brighter future. But we will not reach that bright future with despair, with giving in, with deciding that the problem is just too big. There is no denying that there is a mountain of injustice in the world but it is shrinking every day, slowly giving way to billions of tiny blows. It may seem beyond any one person's strength to affect but we can clearly see the billions of tiny chips that have been removed from it have shrunk it mightily. We can and we will grind that mountain to dust and we will do so by getting people angry enough to take one chip off at a time.
Wednesday, December 3, 2014
Collaboration over Confrontation
I found an article I liked a lot titled The Danger of Demonizing Male Sexuality that talks about the way that we talk about and understand hetero relationships. The basic point is that as long as we continue to frame these relationships as men pursuing women and women fending off men we are going to perpetuate some of the big issues we see today like rape culture and sexual assault. In order to combat these things we need not only to tell men that they need to behave (which we do, for a certainty) but also change the very way we all think about hetero relationships from a pursuit model to a collaborative model.
When we portray male sexuality as predatory and men as beasts while simultaneously portraying women as lacking sexual desire and as passive targets we set up everyone involved to fail. I think dick pics are actually a great way to understand how this arises. Women who are involved in online dating often complain that they are bombarded by pictures of penises. The reaction to such stories is usually "Ewww, gross, who wants to see THAT?" While this reaction is definitely understandable, especially from people who get a lot of pictures and don't want them, it should not be assumed to be universal.
The problem here is twofold. First off, sending pornographic pictures to random people who may or may not want them is rude and unpleasant and people should stop doing that. However, there is another problem on the other end when people suggest that in fact nobody would ever be attracted to a penis or that a picture of one could not possibly be arousing. Plenty of people (not limited to women, of course, but that is the focus of this particular discussion) are in fact attracted to penises and some like pictures of them. Telling people that penises are never attractive sends the message that straight cis men need to be aggressive and predatory because nobody is going to want to have sex with them unless that other person is forced, tricked, or bribed into doing so.
Demonizing straight male sexuality is actually a thing a lot of PUA and MRA types yell about. They often attack feminists using this as a strawman, claiming that all feminists just want men to disavow their desires and accept that they are wrong, bad, and immoral. It isn't true of the great majority of feminists of course but these undercurrents in the way our society talks about male desire do exist and they matter. We aren't going to fix all of the problems with PUAs or MRAs with any one change but I think altering the way we talk about male sexuality so that we aren't demonizing it and talking about relationships as cooperative ventures instead of competitions will keep some men from falling into these destructive groups, hopefully by helping them fall into good relationships.
The message that we need to send is not that men and male desire are icky but rather that particular actions are icky. Unsolicited spam of pornography is icky. Sending naked selfies to people who have indicated a desire to see said selfies on the other hand can be super sexy and that is true no matter who the sender and receiver are or what bits they have. The message we need to get across is that people are all sexy to some people and not sexy to other people and this is true across all body types and genders. We also need to make it clear that relationships and sex are about mutual desire, working together, and collaboration. There is somebody out there for everybody though certainly some people will have an easier time finding partners than others.
Everyone is beautiful to someone. Our desires are not wrong, no matter what they are. What we need to focus on is finding other people to cooperate with to make our desires come true in ways that make everyone involved happy.
When we portray male sexuality as predatory and men as beasts while simultaneously portraying women as lacking sexual desire and as passive targets we set up everyone involved to fail. I think dick pics are actually a great way to understand how this arises. Women who are involved in online dating often complain that they are bombarded by pictures of penises. The reaction to such stories is usually "Ewww, gross, who wants to see THAT?" While this reaction is definitely understandable, especially from people who get a lot of pictures and don't want them, it should not be assumed to be universal.
The problem here is twofold. First off, sending pornographic pictures to random people who may or may not want them is rude and unpleasant and people should stop doing that. However, there is another problem on the other end when people suggest that in fact nobody would ever be attracted to a penis or that a picture of one could not possibly be arousing. Plenty of people (not limited to women, of course, but that is the focus of this particular discussion) are in fact attracted to penises and some like pictures of them. Telling people that penises are never attractive sends the message that straight cis men need to be aggressive and predatory because nobody is going to want to have sex with them unless that other person is forced, tricked, or bribed into doing so.
Demonizing straight male sexuality is actually a thing a lot of PUA and MRA types yell about. They often attack feminists using this as a strawman, claiming that all feminists just want men to disavow their desires and accept that they are wrong, bad, and immoral. It isn't true of the great majority of feminists of course but these undercurrents in the way our society talks about male desire do exist and they matter. We aren't going to fix all of the problems with PUAs or MRAs with any one change but I think altering the way we talk about male sexuality so that we aren't demonizing it and talking about relationships as cooperative ventures instead of competitions will keep some men from falling into these destructive groups, hopefully by helping them fall into good relationships.
The message that we need to send is not that men and male desire are icky but rather that particular actions are icky. Unsolicited spam of pornography is icky. Sending naked selfies to people who have indicated a desire to see said selfies on the other hand can be super sexy and that is true no matter who the sender and receiver are or what bits they have. The message we need to get across is that people are all sexy to some people and not sexy to other people and this is true across all body types and genders. We also need to make it clear that relationships and sex are about mutual desire, working together, and collaboration. There is somebody out there for everybody though certainly some people will have an easier time finding partners than others.
Everyone is beautiful to someone. Our desires are not wrong, no matter what they are. What we need to focus on is finding other people to cooperate with to make our desires come true in ways that make everyone involved happy.
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